Amygdala and visual association cortex activation provoked by viewing emotionally evocative images in an fMRI BOLD paradigm (image per Prof Nutt, Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College, London).

file_download Download in HQ
Latest review 25.01.2022
Published 25.01.2022
Permissions
Latest review 25.01.2022
Published 25.01.2022
Permissions

Related content

image Image
Trajectories of neurodegeneration in body- and brain-first subtypes of Lewy body disease

In brain-first patients (bottom panel), the dopamine system starts to degenerate early

23.01.2025 Parkinson’s Disease
image Image Characteristics of proposed body-first and brain-first subtypes of PD. Arrows indicate the direction of spread of α-synuclein pathology. In body-first Parkinson disease (left), the first α-synuclein aggregation occurs in the gut and propagates through the sympathetic nervous system to the sympathetic trunk and heart, and via the vagus nerve to the brainstem. Autonomic dysfunction and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) are prodromal features. In brain-first PD (right), the initial α-synuclein pathology enters via the olfactory bulb (OB) and spreads to the amygdala and nigrostriatal dopamine system. The pathology then descends through the brainstem and RBD and dysautonomia generally develop after the onset of parkinsonism. During the later disease stages, nearly all patients have widespread pathology in these systems and their symptomatology therefore converges.
Body-first vs brain-first Lewy Body Disease

Characteristics of proposed body-first and brain-first subtypes of Parkinson’s disease

23.01.2025 Parkinson’s Disease
image Image
The Trajectory of Brain-first and Body-first PD

The body-first and brain-first model suggests that the clinical subtype with mild or no “bodily symptoms” before diagnosis reflects a brain-first origin of the disease

23.01.2025 Parkinson’s Disease