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Overview of how blood-based biomarkers may support screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and treatment decisions across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum.

Overview of a plasma biomarker testing pathway for symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease, using p-tau217 and eMTBR-tau243 to guide diagnostic assessment and identify underlying pathology.

Overview of blood-based biomarkers that capture distinct aspects of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and progression.

Functional neuroimaging studies commonly compare brain responses to substance-related cues versus neutral cues during fMRI or PET scanning and measure differential brain activation.

Recognition of addiction as a disorder of distributed brain circuits provides a framework for personalized assessment and treatment of addiction.

Repeated drug exposure shifts behavioural control from goal-directed, reward-driven actions mediated by orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)–dorsomedial striatum (DMS) circuits toward habitual and compulsive responding supported by the dorsolateral striatum (DLS).