The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease requires careful analysis of the signs and symptoms of the individual with cognitive decline.1 The available clinical scales can measure general cognitive abilities, comparing scores against those of an average person in the same age group and demographics as the individual with subjective cognitive decline.1 With this, healthcare professionals can confirm the presence of cognitive and functional decline.1
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Social and physical exposome factors—like poverty, pollution, and inequality—accumulate over time, shaping biological aging and cognitive decline. Through inflammation and cellular stress, these exposures drive neurodegeneration, highlighting the need for longitudinal, integrative research.
The exposome reframes dementia as the product of cumulative physical and social exposures-like pollution, nutrition, and inequality-across life. These factors shape brain aging through inflammation and epigenetic change. Lifespan, global studies are key to equitable dementia prevention.
