A variation to the clinical staging of AD was proposed by the National Institute on Aging – Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) working group (2018) using six clinical stages for persons who are amyloid positive.
The NIA-AA Research Framework describes AD as a biological construct that can be identified in living persons via Aβ and tau biomarkers.
In the NIA-AA framework, biomarkers are used to identify the presence of AD, with clinical stages used to indicate disease severity.
Read more about New clinical staging of Alzheimer’s disease
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Social and physical exposome factors—like poverty, pollution, and inequality—accumulate over time, shaping biological aging and cognitive decline. Through inflammation and cellular stress, these exposures drive neurodegeneration, highlighting the need for longitudinal, integrative research.
The exposome reframes dementia as the product of cumulative physical and social exposures-like pollution, nutrition, and inequality-across life. These factors shape brain aging through inflammation and epigenetic change. Lifespan, global studies are key to equitable dementia prevention.
