Drug-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias cover a broad clinical spectrum of different types of involuntary movements, ranging from chorea affecting the limbs, trunk, and head, slow dystonic movements, fixed dystonic postures, or (more rarely) myoclonus or ballism.^1,2 Levodopa-induced dyskinesias can be broadly classified into three main categories:¹

• ON dyskinesias, appearing when motor capacity is at its greatest
• biphasic dyskinesias, heralding the onset and end of the ON period
• OFF period dyskinesias, typically featuring dystonic elements.

References:
1.Hametner E, Seppi K, Poewe W. The clinical spectrum of levodopa-induced motor complications. J Neurol 2010; 257 (Suppl 2): S268–275.

2.Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T. Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease: clinical features, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. Postgrad Med J 2007; 83 (980): 384–388.