Non-human primate models

Non-human primates (e.g., rhesus monkeys) can be used to study anxiety behaviour on various levels from the whole organism down to the level of gene expression.¹ Such models have been used to study anxiety as a trait.¹

Reference:

1. Kenwood MM, Kalin NH. Nonhuman primate models to explore mechanisms underlying early-life temperamental anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89 (7): 659–671.