The meta-analysis shown on the slide found 56 publications of studies comparing the rates of current smoking behaviour, heavy smoking among current smokers, smoking cessation in people who have ever smoked, or ever smoking in people with bipolar disorder versus control groups.3 People with bipolar disorder were 3.5 times more likely to currently smoke than the general population.3
References:
1. Grunze A, Mosolov S, Grunze H, Born C. The detrimental effects of smoking on the course and outcome in adults with bipolar disorder – a narrative review. Front Psychiatry 2023; 13: 1114432.
2. Heffner JL, Strawn JR, DelBello MP, et al. The co-occurrence of cigarette smoking and bipolar disorder: phenomenology and treatment considerations. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13 (5–6): 439–453.
3. Jackson JG, Diaz FJ, Lopez L, de Leon J. A combined analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between bipolar disorder and tobacco smoking behaviors in adults. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17 (6): 575–597.