A systematic literature review published in 2015 found 26 prospective longitudinal studies of the precursors of BD, which identified several different precursors as risk factors for bipolar disorder, as detailed on the slide.1
References:
1. Faedda GL, Marangoni C, Serra G, et al. Precursors of bipolar disorders: a systematic literature review of prospective studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76 (5): 614–624.
2. Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Marangoni C, et al. An International Society of Bipolar Disorders task force report: precursors and prodromes of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2019; 21 (8): 720–740.
3. Van Meter AR, Burke C, Youngstrom EA, et al. The bipolar prodrome: meta-analysis of symptom prevalence prior to initial or recurrent mood episodes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 55 (7): 543–555.