Bipolar disorders are characterized by biphasic mood disturbances of (hypo)manic and depressive episodes.3 Better understood now than in the past, bipolar disorder is believed to be brought about by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.1-4
References:
1. Scaini G, Valvassori SS, Diaz AP, et al. Neurobiology of bipolar disorders: a review of genetic components, signaling pathways, biochemical changes, and neuroimaging findings. Braz J Psychiatry 2020; 42 (5): 536–551.
2. Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The emerging neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41 (1): 18–30.
3. Vieta E, Berk M, Schulze TG, et al. Bipolar disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4: 18008.
4. Charney AW, Mullins N, Park YJ, Xu J. On the diagnostic and neurobiological origins of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10 (1): 118.