Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term that includes coronary heart disease, angina, congenital heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and vascular dementia.6 Multiple analyses have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with depression.1-3,7
References:
1.Dhar AK, Barton DA. Depression and the link with cardiovascular disease. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7: 33.
2.Gan Y, Gong Y, Tong Y, et al. Depression and the risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14: 371.
3.Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Qadeer YK, et al. Association of depression and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2023; 136 (9): 881–895.
4.Shao M, Lin X, Jiang D, et al. Depression and cardiovascular disease: shared molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. Psychiatry Res 2020; 285: 112802.
5.Wu EL, Chien IC, Lin CH, et al. Increased risk of hypertension in patients with major depressive disorder: a population-based study. J Psychosom Res 2012; 73 (3): 169–174.
6.British Heart Foundation website. Cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease – BHF. Accessed April 2018.
7.Meijer A, Conradi HJ, Bos EH, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of 25 years of research. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011; 33 (3): 203–216.
