Cardiovascular events

In addition to an association with cardiovascular events, an association of migraine with structural anomalies of the cardiovasculature and cerebrovasculature has also been studied, including:^{[Schwedt, 2009]}

• patent foramen ovale
• atrial septal defects
• pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
• mitral valve prolapse
• atrial septal aneurysm.

With varying degrees of evidential support, migraine is associated with a variety of ‘right-to-left shunts’ (abnormal communication between the right and left sides of the heart or circulatory system, allowing blood to flow directly from one to the other) and cardiac anomalies.^{[Schwedt, 2009]} More research is needed to fully understand the mechanism underlying the association of these anomalies with migraine.^{[Schwedt, 2009]}

Reference:
Schwedt T. The migraine association with cardiac anomalies, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Neurol Clin 2009; 27 (2): 513–523.

Other references used on slide:
Buse DC, Reed ML, Fanning KM, et al. Cardiovascular events, conditions, and procedures among people with episodic migraine in the US population: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache 2017; 57 (1): 31–44.

Kurth T, Winter AC, Eliassen AH, et al. Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2016; 353: i2610.

Mahmoud AN, Mentias A, Elgendy AY, et al. Migraine and the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies including 1 152 407 subjects. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e020498.