Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and loss of independence throughout its course. There may be many possible causes of a patient’s progressive cognitive decline. The clinical history should identify the cognitive domains and their trajectory from the onset.1
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Social and physical exposome factors—like poverty, pollution, and inequality—accumulate over time, shaping biological aging and cognitive decline. Through inflammation and cellular stress, these exposures drive neurodegeneration, highlighting the need for longitudinal, integrative research.
The exposome reframes dementia as the product of cumulative physical and social exposures-like pollution, nutrition, and inequality-across life. These factors shape brain aging through inflammation and epigenetic change. Lifespan, global studies are key to equitable dementia prevention.
