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The basal ganglia regulate movement through dopaminergic input from the SNc to the striatum, modulating motor signals via direct and indirect pathways.

Dopamine modulates movement by acting on D1 and D2 receptors in the striatum, influencing excitatory and inhibitory motor pathways.

α-synuclein plays a central role in Parkinson’s disease, progressing from monomers to fibrils and Lewy bodies — the pathological hallmark of PD.

Parkinson’s disease pathology extends beyond the brain, with α-synuclein deposits found in organs like the skin, stomach, colon, and salivary glands.

The spread of misfolded α-synuclein through the autonomic nervous system is central to the progression of Parkinson’s disease pathology

The development of Parkinson’s disease involves both genetic and non-genetic factors, including epigenetic mechanisms that influence LRRK2 activity.