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image Image The immunopsychiatry continuum
The immunopsychiatry continuum

On the continuum of immune-mediated mechanisms contributing to psychiatric symptoms, the relative contribution of immune activation differs across patient groups.

28.07.2025 Depression
image Image Infographic of immune activation in the brain, focusing on the HPA axis, cytokines, microglia, and disturbances in serotonin and kynurenine metabolism.
Chronic immune activation disrupts brain circuits and neurotransmission

Acute immune activation triggers adaptive sickness behaviour through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 and -6 (IL-1 and -6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP).

28.07.2025 Depression
image Image Global map displaying the prevalence of major depressive disorder by country, using a color gradient to represent prevalence percentages from low to high.
The prevalence of MDD by location

Global MDD prevalence varies significantly by region.

22.07.2025 Depression
image Image Bar chart displaying prevalence rates of major depressive disorder (MDD) by sex and age group, with females showing higher prevalence than males across most age brackets.
The global prevalence of MDD by sex and time

MDD is more prevalent in females, especially from adolescence onward.

22.07.2025 Depression
image Image Graph showing the clinical course of major depressive disorder, from no depression to acute symptoms, treatment response, remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence.
Physical health outcome in people with depression

MDD follows a course with phases of response, remission, relapse, and recurrence.

22.07.2025 Depression
image Image Graph showing the clinical course of major depressive disorder, from no depression to acute symptoms, treatment response, remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence.
The course of MDD

MDD follows a course with phases of response, remission, relapse, and recurrence.

22.07.2025 Depression

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