Images

In brain-first patients (bottom panel), the dopamine system starts to degenerate early

Characteristics of proposed body-first and brain-first subtypes of Parkinson’s disease

The body-first and brain-first model suggests that the clinical subtype with mild or no “bodily symptoms” before diagnosis reflects a brain-first origin of the disease

Migraine affects an estimated 1.1 billions worldwide and ranks as the 2nd leading cause of disability, while being the leading among young adults.

In human models of migraine, a suspected pharmacological migraine trigger is administered either orally or via infusion to a participant with migraine or a healthy volunteer, typically within a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled design

The trigeminovascular system is recognized as the anatomical and physiological substrate of migraine