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The receptive field of a neuron usually coincides with its perceptive field – the area from which a sensation is perceived to arise. The overlapping of receptive fields of individual neurons allows for perception to smoothly move from one sensory neuron to the next.

Slowly adapting receptors’ respond to prolonged and constant stimulation, and generate action potentials throughout the entire stimulation period; ‘rapidly adapting receptors’ fire only at the beginning and at the end of a stimulus, and stop firing in response to stimulation whose frequency does not change.

Sensory information used to control actions is processed in neural pathways separate from the afferent pathways that contribute to conscious perception.

The actions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system are often antagonistic, but always divergent.

The auditory system enables hearing by capturing sound waves, amplifying vibrations, and converting them into neural signals processed by the brain. The inner ear also supports balance and spatial orientation through the vestibular system.

Histamine is produced from the amino acid histidine by histidine decarboxylase and degraded by methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. In the brain, histamine is primarily found in neurons of the hypothalamus that project widely throughout the brain.