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The nervous system is divided into two main components: the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all nervous system structures located outside of the CNS.

The brain receives oxygenated blood primarily through the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.

The meninges are protective membranous coverings that surround the CNS, positioned internally to the skull and vertebral column.

Serotonin (also known as 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is found throughout the body. High concentrations are found in the CNS, blood platelets, and certain cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

Dopamine is involved in movement control, motivation, reward, and reinforcement; many addictive substances work by affecting dopaminergic neurons.

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Glutamate plays key roles in nearly every function of the brain.