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The basal ganglia circuitry consists of interconnected brain regions that help regulate movement. Through excitatory and inhibitory pathways, these circuits influence motor activity by modulating communication between the cortex and thalamus.

The central nervous system can be divided into several major anatomical regions. These include the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, which give rise to specialised structures involved in sensory processing, movement, cognition, and autonomic functions.

The telencephalon is the largest part of the forebrain and includes the cerebral cortex and several deep brain structures. It is involved in higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, voluntary movement, memory, and emotion.

Visual information is processed through two major pathways in the brain. The dorsal stream helps determine where objects are and how they move, while the ventral stream supports object recognition by identifying features such as shape, colour, and texture.

The eye captures light and focuses it onto the retina, where specialised cells convert visual information into nerve signals. These signals are processed through multiple retinal layers before being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.

The auditory pathway carries sound information from the cochlea through brainstem and thalamic relay stations to the auditory cortex. This pathway enables the brain to process and interpret sounds from the environment.