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The amygdala is a small structure deep within the brain that plays an important role in emotional processing, particularly fear, threat detection, and emotional memory.

The thalamus is a central relay structure in the brain that helps transmit sensory and motor information to the cerebral cortex.

The hypothalamus is a small but essential brain region involved in maintaining homeostasis. It helps regulate functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, hormone release, and autonomic nervous system activity.

The epithalamus is a small region located near the thalamus that includes structures involved in regulating sleep–wake cycles and communication between different parts of the brain.

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and regulates essential life functions such as breathing, heart rate, sleep, and alertness.

The superior colliculus is a structure in the midbrain involved in visual processing and the coordination of eye and head movements.