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Movement is controlled by a network of brain and spinal cord structures that work together to plan, initiate, coordinate, and execute actions.

Signals from the primary motor cortex travel through upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons, which directly innervate muscle fibres and produce muscle contraction.

The basal ganglia circuitry consists of interconnected brain regions that help regulate movement. Through excitatory and inhibitory pathways, these circuits influence motor activity by modulating communication between the cortex and thalamus.

The telencephalon is the largest part of the forebrain and includes the cerebral cortex and several deep brain structures. It is involved in higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, voluntary movement, memory, and emotion.

Visual information is processed through two major pathways in the brain. The dorsal stream helps determine where objects are and how they move, while the ventral stream supports object recognition by identifying features such as shape, colour, and texture.

The eye captures light and focuses it onto the retina, where specialised cells convert visual information into nerve signals. These signals are processed through multiple retinal layers before being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.