Images

Parkinson’s disease gives rise to an array of gastrointestinal symptoms and clinical manifestations, including gastroparesis and impaired absorption, dysphagia & drooling, and constipation.

Illustrating potential non-motor features associated with Parkinson’s disease.

The CGRP peptide exerts its influence by binding to a CGRP receptor and activating intracellular signalling pathways, such as the cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) pathway.

A schematic of how cortical spreading depression might interact with the trigeminovascular system in one proposed model of migraine pathology.

Various clinical data demonstrate the crucial role CGRP plays in migraine pathology.

A schematic of serotonin pathways under normal conditions. The principal serotonin centers in the brain are the caudal and rostral raphe nuclei.