Images

This image illustrates how chronic stress activates the HPA axis, reduces BDNF levels, and impairs hippocampal structure in depression.

This diagram highlights the role of gut health in depression through microbiota influence on immunity, inflammation, and neurotransmitter signaling.

This image details how stress-induced changes in the brain via the HPA axis contribute to depression through neuron damage and impaired plasticity.

This overview contrasts risk-increasing factors such as trauma or poverty with protective influences like good mental health and social support.

This diagram outlines how neurotransmitters, brain function, immune signaling, and microbiota interact to drive depressive symptoms.

This image visualizes the molecular cascade—from genome to synaptic structure—showing how depression develops through genetic, chemical, and environmental interactions.