Neurobehavioural consequences of stroke – Stroke syndromes

Depending on the severity and the location within the brain of the stroke pathology,¹ the damage caused by a stroke can lead to severe functional, sensory, and motor symptoms,^1,6 as well as neurobehavioural consequences, including neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, an…

Several stroke classification systems exist, such as the TOAST system and the Oxfordshire method outlined on the slide.³

References:
1. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter c…

The diagram on the slide shows how the blood supply of the brain is arranged.^1,3 Blood enters the cerebral blood supply from the carotid and vertebral arteries.¹ These main arteries interconnect via the central structure known as the ‘Circle of Willis’.¹ Within the brain,…

There are many well-described stroke syndromes, as outlined on the slide.¹ Some stroke syndromes can be life-threatening, reinforcing the importance of clinicians recognizing and responding to stroke syndromes where they are present in the treatment of acute stroke.¹

Refe…

The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was developed in the 1980s and has been widely used and since modified into a more reliable form, the modified NIHSS.^1,4,5 The NIHSS is designed to capture the severity of a stroke.¹ BE FAST is an acronym developed to…

Where available throughout the world, stroke imaging techniques such as those outlined on the slide can be combined with patient history and symptom information to provide diagnostic clarity.^1,2

References:
1. Liebeskind DS, Alexandrov AV. Advanced multimodal CT/MRI appro…

References:
1. Tao WD, Liu M, Fisher M, et al. Posterior versus anterior circulation infarction: how different are the neurological deficits? Stroke 2012; 43 (8): 2060–2065.
2. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke M…

References:
1. Nogles TE, Galuska MA. Middle cerebral artery stroke. [Updated 2023]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556132/.
2. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In…

References:
1. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pg. 121–134.
2. Merwick Á, Werring D. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. BMJ 2014; 348: g3175.
3. Konan LM, Reddy …

References:
1. Taesell R, Hussein N. Clinical consequences of stroke. Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation. 2018. Available at: http://www.ebrsr.com/.
2. Javed K, Reddy V, Das JM. Neuroanatomy, posterior cerebral arteries. [Updated 2023 Aug 1]. In: StatPearls [I…

References:
1. Kumar A, Wroten M. Agnosia. [Updated 2023 Jan 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493156/.
2. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guidelin…

References:
1. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pg. 121–134.
2. Taesell R, Hussein N. Clinical consequences of stroke. Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation. …

References:
1. Muller Ewald VA, Deifelt Streese C, Bruss JE, et al. Neuropsychiatric outcomes following strokes involving the cerebellum: a retrospective cohort study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17: 1203488.
2. Datar S, Rabinstein AA. Cerebellar infarction. Neurol Clin 2014; 32…

References:
1. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pg. 121–134.
2. Konan LM, Reddy V, Mesfin FB. Neuroanatomy, cerebral blood supply. [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearl…

References:
1. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pg. 121–134.
2. Shah D, Bhutani N, Varma AR, et al. Etiopathology, clinical and imaging characteristics of border zone …

References:
1. Odier C, Michel P. Common stroke syndromes. In: Brainin M, Heiss WD (eds). Textbook of Stroke Medicine. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pg. 121–134.
2. Caplan LR. Lacunar infarction and small vessel disease: pathology and pathophysiology. J Stroke 2015; 1…

There is, understandably, very little evidence to guide the treatment of rare stroke syndromes, such as those expanded on the slide.[Balami et al., 2013] Patient management starts with a pragmatic, common-sense approach, e.g., modifying the living environment of a patient…